Total Return

A measure of an investment's performance on a risk-adjusted basis. Positive alpha indicates the investment has outperformed its benchmark after accounting for risk.

Revenue divided by average total assets, showing how efficiently a company converts its asset base into sales.

Operating income as a percentage of revenue, showing profitability from core business activity.

A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by shareholders' equity. It measures how effectively a company uses equity capital to generate profits.

Excess return divided by volatility, measuring how much reward an investment delivers per unit of risk.